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Clinical Images
 Figure 1.
Minimal non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) – few scattered microaneurysms (m) only, the remainder of the fundus is normal.
 Figure 2.
Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy – microaneurysms (m) and dot haemorrhages (h). Also demonstrates macular oedema with a small amount of lipid exudate (e) – Not clinically significant.
 Figure 3.
Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy – cotton wool spots (w) retinal haemorrhages (h) and microaneurysms (m)
Clinical Resource Links
Management
Partial evidence base for detection and management of patients at risk of sight-threatening eye disease through diabetic retinopathy:
National Diabetes Fact Sheet [article online], 2006. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates.htm#complications. Accessed 26 January 2006
Liesenfeld B, Kohner E, Piehlmeier W, Kluthe S, Aldington S, Porta M, Bek T, Obermaier M, Mann G, Holle R, Hepp KD: A telemedical approach to the screening of diabetic retinopathy: digital fundus photography. Diabetes Care 23:345–348, 2000[Abstract]
American Diabetes Association: Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 21:157–159, 1998[Medline]
Preferred practice pattern: diabetic retinopathy [article online], 2003. Available from https://www.aao.org. Accessed 5 August 2004
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: an extension of the modified Airlie House Classification: ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology 98:786–806, 1991[Medline]
Choremis J, Chow DR: Use of telemedicine in screening for diabetic retinopathy. Can J Ophthalmol 38:575–579, 2003[Medline]
Higgs ER, Harney BA, Kelleher A, Reckless JP: Detection of diabetic retinopathy in the community using a non-mydriatic camera. Diabet Med 8:551–555, 1991[Medline]
Gomez-Ulla F, Fernandez MI, Francisco Gonzalez F, Rey P, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez MJ, Casanueva FF, Tome MA, Tobio JG, Gude F: Digital retinal imaging and teleophthalmology for detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 25:1384–1389, 2002[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Cavallerano AA, Cavallerano JD, Katalinic P, Blake B, Rynne M, Conlin PR, Hock K, Tolson AM, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, the Joslin Vision Network Research Team: A telemedicine program for diabetic retinopathy in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center: the Joslin Vision Network Eye Health Care Model. Am J Ophthalmol 139:597–604, 2005[Medline]
Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D, Kampik A, Pararajasegaram R, Verdauguer JT, the Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group: Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 110:1677–1682, 2003[Medline]
Procedures
Correct medical procedures for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy:
http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp and http://www.aao.org/education/guidelines/ppp/upload/Diabetic_Retinopathy.pdf.
Preferred practice patterns for the clinical treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy is provided by the AAO (Published September 2003) at http://www.aao.org/education/library/ppp/upload/Diabetic_Retinopathy.pdf
The national guideline clearinghouse reference for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy can be found at
http://www.guideline.gov
A good patient reference site is available from the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse at
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/complications_eyes/index.htm
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